| 摘要: | 環境中的微量元素透過食物鏈進入人體為一重要途徑。而蔬菜與水果是人們不可或缺的食物，然而針對臺灣蔬菜類與水果類中微量元素劑量及暴露之健康風險探討有限，因此本研究欲瞭解蔬菜類與水果類中15種微量元素濃度，並探討攝食蔬菜類與水果類中微量元素劑量對臺灣民眾之健康風險評估。
本研究於臺灣北、中、南、東部之傳統市場進行蔬菜類共160個與水果類共57個樣品採集，樣品經過前處理與微波消化之後，以感應耦合電漿串聯質譜儀檢測樣品中15種微量元素濃度，包含釩、鉻、錳、鈷、鎳、銅、鋅、砷、硒、鍶、鉬、鎘、鋇、鉈及鉛濃度，並進一步以臺灣國家攝食資料庫七個不同年齡族群之蔬菜類與水果類攝食量評估人體健康風險。
研究結果顯示蔬菜類與水果類中微量元素中位數濃度分別為釩：0.878與0.183 ng/g、鉻：9.93與5.21 ng/g、錳：1185.4與596.2 ng/g、鈷：3.52與1.91 ng/g、鎳：40.3與58.4 ng/g、銅：501.7與500.5 ng/g、鋅：1921.8與1013.5 ng/g、硒：2.52與0.631 ng/g、鉬：33.9 與 9.17 ng/g、砷：2.24與0.800 ng/g、鍶：1166.6與 274.6 ng/g、鎘：3.86與0.296 ng/g、鋇：134.0與51.2 ng/g、鉈皆為未檢出及鉛：1.82與0.453 ng/g，而蔬菜類樣品中釩、錳、鈷、鋅、硒、鉬、砷、鍶、鎘、鋇和鉛中位數濃度顯著高於水果類樣品；海帶於中部 (1317.0 ng/g) 和東部 (1286.9 ng/g) 採樣之樣品皆超出海產植物類中最大允許砷濃度，芋頭於南部 (104.0 ng/g) 採樣之樣品超出根莖菜類中最大允許鉛濃度，而水果類樣品皆遠低於水果類中最大允許鎘及鉛濃度。經蒙地卡羅機率模擬後，所有族群攝取蔬菜類與水果類中微量元素可能會造成腎臟、肝臟、循環系統和神經系統危害之危害指標超出1的百分比為0.01 – 3.70 %，機率模擬所有族群攝取蔬菜類中砷之致癌風險高於10-4的百分比為0.11– 13.57 %，而水果類中砷、蔬菜類與水果類中鉛則未觀察到具致癌風險。
本研究結果建立臺灣北、中、南、東部蔬菜類與水果類中15種微量元素濃度，並推估國人攝食後暴露微量元素之健康風險；部分元素於攝食蔬菜類或水果類後觀察到可能具非致癌風險與致癌風險，然而由於蔬菜與水果類品項眾多，未來仍須持續關注並定期監測微量元素濃度，以提供相關資訊進而保護國人健康。
關鍵字：蔬菜類、水果類、微量元素、健康風險評估
The trace element in the environment entering the human body through the food chain is an important pathway. Vegetables and fruits are indispensable foods for people, but the study on the dose and health risk assessments of the trace element in vegetables and fruits in Taiwan is limited. Therefore, this study aims to understand the concentrations of 15 trace elements in vegetables and fruits and to explore the health risk assessment of the trace element intake from vegetables and fruits for the Taiwanese people.
This study collected 160 vegetable samples and 57 fruit samples from traditional markets in northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan. After pretreatment and microwave digestion, the concentrations of 15 trace elements, including vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb), were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). The health risks were further assessed for seven different age groups and vegetable and fruit consumption based on the National Food Consumption Database.
The results showed that the median concentrations of trace elements in vegetables and fruits were: V: 0.878 and 0.183 ng/g, Cr: 9.93 and 5.21 ng/g, Mn: 1185.4 and 596.2 ng/g, Co: 3.52 and 1.91 ng/g, Ni: 40.3 and 58.4 ng/g, Cu: 501.7 and 500.5 ng/g, Zn: 1921.8 and 1013.5 ng/g, Se: 2.52 and 0.631 ng/g, Mo: 33.9 and 9.17 ng/g, As: 2.24 and 0.800 ng/g, Sr: 1166.6 and 274.6 ng/g, Cd: 3.86 and 0.296 ng/g, Ba: 134.0 and 51.2 ng/g, Tl was not detected, and Pb: 1.82 and 0.453 ng/g. The median concentrations of V, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Mo, As, Sr, Cd, Ba, and Pb in the vegetable samples were significantly higher than in the fruit samples. After the Monte Carlo probabilistic simulation, the percentages of all age groups with average hazard indexes exceeding 1 for potential kidney, liver, circulatory system, and nervous system damage from trace elements in vegetables and fruits intake were 0.01–3.70%. The percentages of all age groups with the carcinogenic risk higher than 10-4 from As in vegetables were 0.11–13.57%, while no carcinogenic risk was observed for As in fruits and Pb in vegetables and fruits.
This study established the concentrations of 15 trace elements in vegetables and fruits from northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan and estimated the health risks associated with exposure to these trace elements through dietary intake. Some elements were observed to pose potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks after consumption of vegetables or fruits. However, due to the wide variety of vegetable and fruit items, continuous attention and periodic monitoring of trace element concentrations are still necessary to provide relevant information and protect public health.
Keywords: Vegetables, Fruits, Trace elements, Health risk assessment. |
