| 摘要: | 對羥基苯甲酸酯類 (Parabens, PBs) 因具有穩定性、水溶性和廣譜抗菌活性，常在化妝品、藥品及食品 (包括飲料) 中常作為防腐劑，由於近年因茶飲料的盛行，台灣青年族群飲用攝食量逐漸上升，而其中PBs存在茶飲料中之含量未知，且PBs對於腎臟健康風險的探討有限，因此本研究欲測量青年族群尿液中PBs濃度後探討其與早期腎臟損傷指標之相關性，並測量市售罐裝與手搖茶飲料中PBs濃度後評估青年攝取茶飲料之健康風險與早期腎臟損傷。本研究共招募320位年紀介於20至30歲之受試者進行調查，並收集市售罐裝及手搖共150種茶飲料樣品，利用液相層析串聯質譜儀測量茶飲料與受試者尿液中對羥基苯甲酸甲酯 (methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, MetPB)、對羥基苯甲酸乙酯 (ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, EthPB)、對羥基苯甲酸丙酯 (propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, PropPB)、對羥基苯甲酸丁酯 (butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, ButPB) 濃度。使用蒙地卡羅模擬與統計軟體估計受試者每日攝取量與健康風險及對腎臟功能早期損傷指標之關係為何。
研究結果顯示尿液中四種PBs包含MetPB、EthPB、PropPB及ButPB其中位數濃度分別為18.51、1.01、1.49及1.28 μg/L，且暴露濃度與生活習慣和個人照護用品使用習慣上具有顯著相關。以線性回歸分析尿液中PBs濃度與早期腎臟損傷指標之關係，經由校正可能干擾因子後，EthPB與微量白蛋白與肌酸酐之比值 (urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio, ACR) (β= 0.136，p= 0.064) 及β2微球蛋白濃度皆具邊緣性顯著正相關 (β= 0.112，p= 0.098)。再考量其他PBs影響並校正其他可能擾因子後，尿液中EthPB與ACR濃度具有顯著正相關 (β= 0.203，p= 0.024)。
分析茶飲料之PBs濃度並估計受試者每日茶飲料中PBs攝取量 (Estimated Daily Intake, EDI) 後，紅茶 (罐裝紅茶與手搖紅茶) 其MetPB EDI高於其他兩種茶類，並加總罐裝與手搖茶飲料攝食量後MetPB、EthPB、PropPB及ButPB的EDI，分別為49.97、1.34、1.20及0.93 ng/kg-bw/day；再將茶飲料中PBs攝食量以非致癌評估，罐裝茶飲料HI (綠茶：2.53E-05、紅茶：5.25E-06及烏龍茶：3.83E-06) 和手搖茶飲料HI (綠茶：1.04E-05、紅茶：4.69E-06及烏龍茶：3.39E-06) 皆< 1，預期將?會對人體造成顯著傷害。而透過分析受試者茶飲料攝食頻率與尿液中PBs濃度及早期腎臟損傷指標濃度之關係，發現茶飲料攝食頻率在本研究中並未觀察到與暴露PBs濃度或與早期腎臟損傷指標有關。本研究顯示飲用台灣市售罐裝與手搖茶飲中暴露PBs劑量並無不良健康風險，而人體尿液中PBs暴露濃度則觀察到早期腎臟功能損傷上不一致結果，但EthPB可能為主要造成早期腎臟損傷的化合物，另外，攝食茶飲料並未觀察到與早期腎臟損傷指標濃度有關。
Parabens (PBs) are often used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods (including beverages) because of their stability, water solubility, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Due to the recent popularity of tea beverages, it is important to pay attention to the presence of harmful chemicals, such as PBs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the correlation between PBs concentration in urine and early renal injury markers in young adults and to assess the health risk of tea beverage intake in Taiwanese young adults.A total of 320 subjects aged 20-30 years were recruited and 150 samples of commercially available bottled and hand-shaken tea were collected. The concentrations of methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (MetPB), ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (EthPB), propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (PropPB), and butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (ButPB) in tea beverages and urine were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. The correlation between daily intake and health risks and early renal injury markers was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation and statistical software. The results showed that the median concentrations of MetPB, EthPB, PropPB, and ButPB were 18.51, 1.01, 1.49, and 1.28 μg/L, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, EthPB exhibited a borderline significantly positive correlation with the urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) (β= 0.136, p= 0.064) and β2 microglobulin concentration (β= 0.112, p= 0.098). After futher adjusting for MetPB, PropPB and ButPB, there was a significantly positive correlation between the concentration of EthPB and ACR in urine (β= 0.203, p= 0.024).
The estimating the daily intake (EDI) MetPB of black tea (bottled and hand-shaken) was higher than that of the other two teas, and the summing bottled and hand-shaken tea beverage EDI of MetPB, EthPB, PropPB, and ButPB were 49.97, 1.34, 1.20, and 0.93 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively. As to the non-carcinogenic risks, the hazard index (HI) of bottled tea beverages (green tea: 2.53E-05, black tea: 5.25E-06, and oolong tea: 3.83E-06) and hand-shaken tea beverages (green tea: 1.04E-05, black tea: 4.69E-06 and oolong tea: 3.39E-06) were both< 1. Besides, no significant differences between the frequency of tea intake and urinary PBs concentration, or the concentration of early renal injury markers were found. In conclusion, there was no adverse health risk associated with PBs exposure in the consumption of commercially bottled and hand-shaken tea beverages in Taiwan. Nevertheless, inconsistent results have been observed regarding PBs exposure in human urine. EthPB may be one of the chemicals that could potentially cause early renal injury. |
