| 摘要: | 題目一、中文摘要
3-單氯丙二醇酯 (3-monochloro-propanediol esters, 3-MCPDEs) 為油脂精煉高溫脫臭步驟生成的加工汙染物，廣泛存在精煉食用油及含油製品中。3-MCPDEs暴露後進入體內於腸道水解生成3-單氯丙二醇 (3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol, 3-MCPD)，IARC將3-MCPD歸類為group 2B致癌物。動物實驗結果顯示腎臟及睪丸為主要毒性作用器官，然而人體資料有限。先前研究亦指出3-MCPDEs攝入後藉由尿液或糞便排出有限，推論可能累積於腎臟或其他器官。本研究目的為建立腎臟檢體中3-MCPDEs之氣相層析質譜儀分析方法，分析人類腎臟癌與非腎臟癌患者腎臟檢體之3-MCPDEs含量，及探討腎臟檢體3-MCPDEs累積與基本人口學資料、生化數值、腫瘤期數和大小之相關性。研究結果顯示本研究建立之腎臟檢體中3-MCPDEs分析方法具有良好準確度 (回收率85.6-115.35%)、精密度 (變異係數3.65-8.66%) 及線性 (R2 = 0.9988)，符合食品化學分析方法確效規範。本研究納入腎臟癌患者 (N=52) 與非腎臟癌患者 (N=16) 進行研究調查，首次發現3-MCPDEs會累積於人類腎臟組織中，腎臟癌患者腎臟檢體中3-MCPDEs含量顯著高於非腎臟癌患者 (p<0.05)，推論3-MCPDEs可能為致腎臟癌危險因子。相關性分析結果顯示腎臟檢體中3-MCPDEs含量與肝臟損傷指標丙胺酸轉胺?具邊緣性顯著正相關 (p<0.1)。3-MCPDEs主要藉由飲食暴露，故建議減少暴露3-MCPDEs，以降低潛在健康危害。
題目二、中文摘要
3-單氯丙二醇酯 (3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol esters, 3-MCPDEs) 源自油脂精煉之高溫脫臭步驟，廣泛存在精煉食用油及含油製品中。3-MCPDEs暴露後進入體內水解生成3-單氯丙二醇 (3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol, 3-MCPD)，經循環系統分布至器官造成毒性，動物實驗證實腎臟為主要毒性作用器官，然而人體流行病學之腎臟損傷資料有限。先前研究指出3-MCPDEs攝入後主要經由尿液以3-MCPD形式排出體外，可作為反映日常飲食暴露之生物指標，以尿液中3-MCPD濃度進行暴露評估為一新興方式，但相關研究資料有限。本研究目的為分析青年族群尿液中3-MCPD濃度並評估3-MCPDEs暴露健康風險，以及尿液3-MCPD濃度與早期腎臟損傷指標之相關性。本研究共招募70位20-30歲受試者進行研究調查，以氣相層析串聯式質譜儀分析尿液中3-MCPD濃度，並以微量白蛋白/肌酸酐比值 (microalbumin to creatinine ratio, ACR) 作為早期腎臟損傷指標。
研究結果發現尿液中3-MCPD濃度之中位數為0.447 ng/mL，濃度範圍介於 < LOQ-12 ng/mL。3-MCPDEs-每日估計攝取量 (estimated daily intake, EDI) 之中位數為0.29 ?g/kg BW/ day，範圍介於0.03-7.78 ?g/kg BW/ day，其中僅有一位受試者超過每日耐受量 (2 ?g/kg BW/day)，顯示大部分受試者飲食暴露3-MCPDEs不會造成健康風險。再以多元線性回歸分析尿液中3-MCPD濃度與ACR之關係，校正可能的干擾因子後，於尿液中3-MCPD濃度第三三分位數組別 (≧0.651 ng/mL) 中發現受試者ACR與尿液3-MCPD濃度呈現統計上顯著正相關 (β = 1.796, p = 0.03)。日常暴露3-MCPDEs對於大部分本研究之青年族群不會造成健康風險，然而暴露3-MCPDEs程度高與腎臟早期損傷指標具有顯著正相關，考量腎臟損傷之不可逆性，因此仍建議應盡可能減少食用含有3-MCPDEs食品以降低暴露保護腎臟健康。
Topic 1. Abstract
3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) are derived from the deodorization step of oil refining and widely distributed in refined edible oils and oil-containing products. After exposure, 3-MCPDEs enter the body and are hydrolyzed in the intestines to form 3-monochloro-propanediol (3-MCPD). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies 3-MCPD as a Group 2B carcinogen. Animal studies indicate that the kidney and testis are the main target organ for toxicity, but the human epidemiological data is limited. Previous research has also indicated that the excretion of 3-MCPDEs through urine or feces after ingestion is limited, suggesting that they may accumulate in the kidneys or other organs. This study aims to develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis method for 3-MCPDEs in kidney specimens, analyze the 3-MCPDEs contents in kidney specimens of renal cell carcionoma patients (RCC) and non -RCC patients; and investigate the correlation between the accumulated contents of 3-MCPDEs in kidney specimens and demographic characteristis, clinical indices, tumor stages, and size. The results of the study showed that the analysis method for 3-MCPDEs in kidney specimens had good accuracy (recovery 85.6-115.35%), precision (coefficients of variation 3.65-8.66%), and linearity (R2 = 0.9988), meeting the Regulations of Food Chemistry and Analysis Method Validation. This study analyzes 3-MCPDEs in kidney specimens of RCC (N=52) and non-RCC patients (N=16). This study first reported that 3-MCPDEs accumulate in human kidney tissue, and the 3-MCPDEs accumulated contents in kidney specimens of RCC patients were significantly higher non RCC patients (p<0.05), suggesting that 3-MCPDEs may be a risk factor for RCC. The correlation analysis results showed a marginally significant positive correlation between the levels of 3-MCPDEs in kidney specimens and the liver damage indicator alanine aminotransferase (p<0.1). Since 3-MCPDEs are mainly exposed through dietary intake, it is recommended to reduce exposure to foods containing 3-MCPDEs to minimize potential health hazards.
Topic 2. Abstract
3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) are derived from the deodorization step of oil refining and widely distributed in refined edible oils and oil-containing products. After exposure, 3-MCPDEs are hydrolyzed to release 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), and 3-MCPD is distributed to organs through the circulatory system causing toxicity. Animal studies indicate that the kidney is the main target organ for toxicity, but the human epidemiological data is limited. Previous studies have indicated that after ingestion, 3-MCPDEs are primarily excreted in urine as 3-MCPD, making urinary 3-MCPD a potential biomarker for assessing daily dietary exposure. However, there is limited research data on this topic. This study aimed to measure the urinary 3-MCPD concentration, evaluate the health risk of 3-MCPDEs exposure, and to investigate the correlation between urinary 3-MCPD concentration and early renal injury marker.
A total of 70 subjects aged 20-30 years were recruited for the study. The urinary 3-MCPD concentration was measured using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The microalbumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was used as an indicator of early renal injury. The results showed that the median of urinary 3-MCPD concentration was 0.447 ng/mL, ranging from < LOQ-12 ng/mL. The median of 3-MCPDEs estimated daily intake (EDI) was 0.29 ?g/kg BW/day, ranging from 0.03-7.78 ?g/kg BW/day. Only one subject exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 ?g/kg BW/day, indicating that the 3-MCPDEs dietary exposure does not pose a health risk to most of young adults in this study. The multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between urinary 3-MCPD concentration and ACR. After adjusting potential confounding factors, in the third tertile (≧0.651 ng/mL), a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between ACR and urinary 3-MCPD concentration (β = 1.796, p = 0.031).
In conclusion, dietary exposure to 3-MCPDEs does not pose a health risk for the majority of the young adults in this study. However, a significant positive correlation exists between higher levels of 3-MCPDEs exposure and early renal injury marker. Considering the irreversibility of kidney injury, reducing the consumption of foods containing 3-MCPDEs is recommended to reduce exposure and protect kidney health. |
