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| 題名: | 孩童非飲食性攝入暴露–土壤及落塵攝入模式建立
Establishment of children’s non-dietary ingestion exposure- soil and dust ingestion model |
| 作者: | 鄒明謙
Tsou, Ming-Chien |
| 貢獻者: | 簡伶朱 |
| 關鍵詞: | Children;non-dietary ingestion,soil ingestion rate,exposure factors,mouthing activity
孩童,非飲食攝入,土壤攝入量,暴露參數,口部行為 |
| 日期: | 2017-01-19 |
| 上傳時間: | 2018-10-01 11:44:58 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 孩童因其獨特的行為模式，有頻繁的口部行為，且有較多的時間與地板接觸，非飲食性的攝入為孩童的重要暴露途徑之一。非揮發性污染物會沉積在戶外土壤及室內落塵上，對於非揮發性污染物而言，土壤及落塵攝入量為污染場址的人類健康風險評估上為重要的暴露參數。台灣進行孩童的暴露或風險評估時，直接應用美國暴露參數手冊中的數值可能會造成估計結果的偏差，其原因可能是國家或文化不同。本研究調查孩童的暴露參數，如口部接觸頻率及時間、手放入口中面積比、活動時間、皮膚-土壤附著因子、手部表面積、手-口土壤轉移率及落塵負載量，並建立一個含暴露時間變數的土壤及落塵攝入量模式，將產出的暴露參數輸入此模式中，預測臺灣6歲以下孩童的土壤及落塵攝入量，另外以標記元素法估計孩童的土壤攝入量，進行模式與標記元素法的比較。接觸砂土後，0至<3歲及3至<6歲孩童經模式預測的平均土壤及落塵攝入量分別為13.35及13.65 mg/day，接觸黏土後，0至<3歲及3至<6歲孩童經模式預測的平均土壤及落塵攝入量分別為4.15及4.30 mg/day，標記元素法估計的平均土壤攝入量為10.1 mg/day，結果顯示接觸砂土後模式預測的攝入量與標記元素法的結果相似。不論是模式預測或標記元素方法，美國過去文獻中土壤攝入量高於本研究的結果，可能是因為文化或環境差易導致臺灣室內落塵攝入量較低，因此。在模式預測下，影響土壤攝入量貢獻最多的參數，依序為在戶外清醒的時間、戶外手到口接觸頻率、直接及間接接觸活動後手部土壤附著因子及手放入口中面積比。由於土壤攝入量會受與戶外的暴露狀態影響，建議未來的研究應補齊台灣孩童戶外活動的資訊，例如戶外口部行為及進行直接及間接接觸活動的時間比例，此外，土壤特性(例如砂土及黏土)會顯著影響預測的土壤攝入量，在以保守的原則下，建議可採用接觸砂土後預測的土壤攝入量進行非飲食暴露的評估。
Non-dietary ingestion is thought to be an important pathway to expose to the contaminants due to their unique activity pattern. Non-volatile contaminants were deposited on outdoor soil or indoor dust, so the soil and dust ingestion rates were the critical parameters in human health risk assessments (HHRAs) of contaminated sites with non-volatile contaminants. In this study, we investigated the exposure factors for children aged <6 years in Taiwan, and established a new model, which considerd the mouthing duration. We inputed the exposure factors in the model to predict the soil and dust ingestion rate. Moreover, we estimated the soil ingestion rate using tracer method, and then we compared the results between these two methods. The exposure factors from this study were generally different with those shown in previous literatures for U.S. children for Taiwanese children and the. The reason may be due to culture differences in different countries. Therefore, it is unsuitable to using the values from literatures directly for exposure and risk assessments for children in Taiwan. The average soil and dust ingestion rates were 13.35 and 13.65 mg/day for children with ages 0 to <3 years old and 3 to <6 years old, respectively, after contacting the sands. The average soil and dust ingestion rates were 4.15 and 4.30 mg/day for children with ages 0 to <3 years old and 3 to <6 years old, respectively, after contacting the clays. The estimated soil ingestion rate was 10.1 mg/day obtained from tracer method. The results obtained from model (after contacting sands) and tracer method were similar. The soil ingestion rates for U.S. children were generally higher than the results in this study. The difference was attributed to the ingestion for indoor dust. The results shown that the awake duration outdoors, outdoor hand-to-mouth contact frequency, adherence factor for indirect and direct contact, and the fraction of hand mouthed area were the most sensitive input parameters. Due to the low indoor dust loading, an additional study is needed to further investigate the outdoor exposure factors, such as mouthing activity data and the duration of direct and indirect activity. Futhermore, the soil properties, namely sand and .clay may significantly affect the predicted soil ingestion rate. We suggest that the conservative soil ingestion rates that children contacted the sand could be used to estimate the exposure by the non-dietary ingestion. |
| 描述: | 博士論文
指導教授-簡伶朱
委員-席行正
委員-韓柏檉
委員-許惠悰
委員-胡景堯 |
| 資料類型: | thesis |
| 顯示於類別: | [公共衛生學系暨研究所] 其他
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