Taipei Medical University Institutional Repository:Item 987654321/36433
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Items with full text/Total items : 45422/58598 (78%)
Visitors : 2524241      Online Users : 211
RC Version 7.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://libir.tmu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/36433


    Title: 兩種真菌醱酵液之生物活性成分研究
    Authors: 張雅雯
    Contributors: 生藥學研究所
    Date: 2010
    Issue Date: 2010-10-21 09:11:31 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 利用抑制一氧化氮合成酶的活性分析平台來篩選真菌培養株，藉以篩檢出具有抗發炎活性的真菌株，發現某些真菌株的醱酵培養液或菌絲體萃取物，對於RAW264.7細胞的產生一氧化氮具有顯著的抑制作用。遂選定：Theissenia rogersii（#92031201）及Stilbohypoxylon elaeicola（#173）兩株進行其活性成分研究。在選擇以麥芽抽取物（malt extract）為培養基加以擴大培養後，針對醱酵液所含代謝產物進行分析與分離，計獲得12個化合物，分別為： 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran（1）、pycnidione（2）、maltol（3）、tyrosol（4）、hymatoxin K（5）、hymatoxin L（6）、elaeicolactone（7）、5-hydroxymethylfurfural（8）、elaeicolasdie A（9）elaeicolaside B（10）、elaeicolaside C（11）和 elaeicolaside D（12），其中屬於倍半萜之化合物7，及屬於二萜糖苷的化合物9、10及12，皆為新化合物。在100 μM的濃度下，10對於RAW264.7細胞的產生一氧化氮具有顯著的抑制活性且不具細胞毒性。此外，2及10對於A549肺腺癌細胞具有強的毒殺作用，其GI50分別為5.25 nM及9.79 μM。


    The ethyl acetate extracts of the fermented broths of Theissenia rogersii (#92031201) and Stilbohypoxylon elaeicola (#173) were found to exhibit significant activity against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in our preliminary screening. Therefore, bioassay-guided fraction and separation of the active component from these two broths were carried out which resulted in the isolation of twelve compounds. Their structures were elucidated to be 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran (1), pycnidione (2), maltol (3), tyrosol (4), hymatoxin K (5), hymatoxin L (6), elaeicolactone (7), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (8), elaeicolasdie A (9), elaeicolaside B (10), elaeicolaside C (11) and elaeicolaside D (12). Of these compounds identified, 7, 9, 10 and 12, classified as respective a sesquiterpene and three diterpene glycosides, were novel chemical entities. Compound 10 exhibited significant inhibitory activity on NO production of RAW264.7 cells without any cytotoxicity. In addition, 2 and 10 exerted potent cytotoxicity against an A549 lung cancer cell line with GI50 values of 5.25 nM and 9.79 μM, respectively.
    Relation: 181頁
    Description: 摘要 I
    Abstract II
    總目錄 III
    圖目錄 VII
    縮寫表 XII
    壹、緒論與研究目的 1
    貳、炭角菌科真菌之天然物文獻回顧 5
    参、實驗結果與討論 34
    3.1.1 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran（1）之結構解析 39
    3.1.2 Pycnidione（2）之結構解析 43
    3.1.3 Maltol（3）之結構解析 54
    3.1.4 Tyrosol（4）之結構解析 58
    3.1.5 Hymatoxin K（5）之結構解析 61
    3.1.6 Hymatoxin L（6）之結構解析 73
    3.1.7 Elaeicolactone（7）之結構解析 82
    3.1.8 5-Hydorxymethylfurfural（8）之結構解析 92
    3.1.9 Elaeicolaside A（9）之結構解析 96
    3.1.10 Elaeicolaside B（10）之結構解析 106
    3.1.11 Elaeicolaside C（11）之結構解析 116
    3.1.12 Elaeicolaside D（12）之結構解析 126
    3.2 一氧化氮濃度及細胞毒性測定結果 135
    3.3 A549細胞生長抑制測試結果 137
    3.4 討論 138
    肆、實驗部分 141
    4.1 儀器設備與試劑 141
    4.2 真菌材料 143
    4.3 培養基配置 143
    4.4.1 #92031201 培養液之成分分離與純化 145
    4.4.2 #173培養液之成分分離與純化 148
    4.5 單糖組成分析 152
    4.6 單糖旋光度測定 153
    4.7 一氧化氮（NO）濃度之測定：Griess reagent assay 154
    4.8 細胞毒性測試（alamarBlue assay） 157
    4.9 細胞生長測試（sulforhodamine B, SRB） 159
    4.10 各成分之物理數據 161
    參考文獻 165
    附錄一 173

    1 Nathan, C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. The FASEB Journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 6, 3051-3064 (1992).
    2 Wink, D. A. & Mitchell, J. B. Chemical biology of nitric oxide: Insights into regulatory, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective mechanisms of nitric oxide. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 25, 434-456 (1998).
    3 Chen, Y. C., Lin S., S. Y. & Lin, J. K. Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase 3 activation in arsenite-induced apoptosis. Journal of Cellular Physiology 177, 324-333 (1998).
    4 Laroux, F. S., Pavlick, K. P., Hines, I. N., Kawachi, S., Harada, H., Bharwani, S., Hoffman, J. M. & Grisham, M. B. Role of nitric oxide in inflammation. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 173, 113-118 (2001).
    5 Knowles, R. G. & Moncada, S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. The Biochemical Journal 298, 249-258 (1994).
    6 Sautebin, L. Prostaglandins and nitric oxide as molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy. Fitoterapia 71, S48-S57 (2000).
    7 吳美麗，台灣真菌多樣性資源與研究現況，環境教育學刊， pp. 143-163 (2002)
    8 吳聲華，菌類多樣性，行政院農委會林務局委託研究報告 (2003)
    9 邵廣昭、彭鏡毅、吳文哲，台灣物種名錄，行政院農委會林務局，台北，台灣， p. iv (2008)
    10 曹雅菁，台灣兩種真菌醱酵液及菌絲體之生物活性成分研究，台北醫學大學生藥學研究所碩士論文， pp. 3-4 (2009)
    11 Quang, D. N., Hashimoto, T. & Asakawa, Y. Inedible mushrooms: a good source of biologically active substances. Chemical Record 6, 79-99 (2006).
    12 Steglich, W., Klaar, M. & Furtner, W. (+)-Mitorubrin derivatives from Hypoxylon fragiforme. Phytochemistry 13, 2874-2875 (1974).
    13 Stadler, M., Baumgartner, M., Grothe, T., Muhlbauer, A., Seip, S. & Wollweber, H. Concentricol, a taxonomically significant triterpenoid from Daldinia concentrica. Phytochemistry 56, 787-793 (2001).
    14 Quang, D. N., Harinantenaina, L., Nishizawa, T., Hashimoto, T., Kohchi, C., Soma, G.-I. & Asakawa, Y. Inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells of daldinals A-C from the fungus Daldinia childiae and other metabolites isolated from inedible mushrooms. Journal of Natural Medicines 60, 303-307 (2006).
    15 Edwards, R. L., Maitland, D. J. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 24. Cytochalasin N, O, P, Q, and R. New cytochalasins from the fungus Hypoxylon terricola Mill. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 57-65 (1989).
    16 Edwards, R. L., Maitland, D. J., Scowen, I. J., De Sousa, A. J. T. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 32. Rosnecatrone, a phytotoxic bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-en-2-one from the fungus Rosellinia necatrix Prill. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 537-542 (2001).
    17 Stadler, M., Quang, D. N., Tomita, A., Hashimoto, T. & Asakawa, Y. Changes in secondary metabolism during stromatal ontogeny of Hypoxylon fragiforme. Mycological Research 110, 811-820 (2006).
    18 Pedersen, E. J., Larsen, P. & Boll, P. M. Engleromycin, a new cytochalasan from Engleromyces goetzei Hennings. Tetrahedron Letters 21, 5079-5082 (1980).
    19 Ondeyka, J., Hensens, O. D., Zink, D., Ball, R., Lingham, R. B., Bills, G., Dombrowski, A. & Goetz, M. L-696,474, a novel cytochalasin as an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. II. Isolation and structure. The Journal of Antibiotics 45, 679-685 (1992).
    20 Lingham, R. B., Hsu, A., Silverman, K. C., Bills, G. F., Dombrowski, A., Goldman, M. E., Darke, P. L., Huang, L., Koch, G., Ondeyka, J. G. & et al. L-696,474, a novel cytochalasin as an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. III. Biological activity. The Journal of Antibiotics 45, 686-691 (1992).
    21 Dagne, E., Gunatilaka, A. A. L., Asmellash, S., Abate, D., Kingston, D. G. I., Hofmann, G. A. & Johnson, R. K. Two new cytotoxic cytochalasins from Xylaria obovata. Tetrahedron 50, 5615-5620 (1994).
    22 Chen, Y. S. Studies on the metabolic products of Rosellinia necatrix. I. Isolation and characterization of several physiologically active neutral substances. Bulletin of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan 24, 372-381 (1960).
    23 Whalley, A. J. S. & Edwards, R. L. The Xylariaceae: A case study in biological and chemical diversity. Pure and Applied Chemistry 70, 2123-2134 (1998).
    24 Chinworrungsee, M., Kittakoop, P., Isaka, M., Chanphen, R., Tanticharoen, M. & Thebtaranonth, Y. Halorosellins A and B, unique isocoumarin glucosides from the marine fungus Halorosellinia oceanica. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 2473-2476 (2002).
    25 Quang, D. N., Hashimoto, T., Tanaka, M., Baumgartner, M., Stadler, M. & Asakawa, Y. Chemical constituents of the ascomycete Daldinia concentrica. Journal of Natural Products 65, 1869-1874 (2002).
    26 Schlingmann, G., Milne, L. & Carter, G. T. Isolation and identification of antifungal polyesters from the marine fungus Hypoxylon oceanicum LL-15G256. Tetrahedron 58, 6825-6835 (2002).
    27 Adeboya, M., Edwards, R. L., Laessoe, T., Maitland, D. J. & Whalley, A. S. J. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 28. Globoscinic acid and globoscin, a labile acid-lactone system from Xylaria globosa and Xylaria obovata. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 2067-2072 (1995).
    28 Edwards, R. L., Maitland, D. J., Oliver, C. L., Pacey, M. S., Shields, L. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 31. Longianone, a C7H6O4 spiro bicyclic lactone from the fungus Xylaria longiana (Rehm.). Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 715-720 (1999).
    29 Boonphong, S., Kittakoop, P., Isaka, M., Pittayakhajonwut, D., Tanticharoen, M. & Thebtaranonth, Y. Multiplolides A and B, new antifungal 10-membered lactones from Xylaria multiplex. Journal of Natural Products 64, 965-967 (2001).
    30 Anderson, J. R., Edwards, R. L. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 19. Serpenone, 3-methoxy-4-methyl-5-prop-1-enylfuran-2(5H)-one, a new gamma -butyrolactone from the fungus Hypoxylon serpens (Barrons strain) (Persoon ex Fries) Kickx. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 215-221 (1982).
    31 Edwards, R. L. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 18. 3-Butyl-4-methylfuran-2(5H)-one and 3-butyl-4-methylenefuran-2(5H)-one. New gamma -butyrolactones from the fungus Hypoxylon serpens (Persoon ex Fries) Kickx. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 803-806 (1979).
    32 Quang, D. N., Stadler, M., Fournier, J. & Asakawa, Y. Carneic acids A and B, chemotaxonomically significant antimicrobial agents from the xylariaceous ascomycete Hypoxylon carneum. Journal of Natural Products 69, 1198-1202 (2006).
    33 Whalley, A. J. S. & Edwards, R. L. Secondary metabolites and systematic arrangement within the Xylariaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S802-S810 (1995).
    34 Gu, W. & Ding, H. Two new tetralone derivatives from the culture of Xylaria hypoxylon AT-028. Chinese Chemical Letters 19, 1323-1326 (2008).
    35 Borgschulte, K., Rebuffat, S., Trowitzsch-Kienast, W., Schomburg, D., Pinon, J. & Bodo, B. Isolation and structure elucidation of hymatoxins B-E and other phytotoxins from Hypoxylon mammatum fungal pathogen of leuce poplars. Tetrahedron 47, 8351-8360 (1991).
    36 Jossang, A., Mbeminack, B., Pinon, J. & Bodo, B. Hymatoxins K and L, novel phytotoxins from Hypoxylon mammatum, fungal pathogen of aspens. Natural Product Letters 6, 37-42 (1995).
    37 Anderson, J. R., Edwards, R. L., Poyser, J. P. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 23. The punctaporonins. Novel bi-, tri-, and tetracyclic sesquiterpenes related to caryophyllene, from the fungus Poronia punctata (Linnaeus:Fries) Fries. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 823-831 (1988).
    38 Edwards, R. L., Maitland, D. J., Poyser, J. P. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 25. Punctaporonin G from the fungus Poronia punctata (Linnaeus: Fries) Fries. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 1939-1941 (1989).
    39 Shiono, Y., Motoki, S., Koseki, T., Murayama, T., Tojima, M. & Kimura, K. Isopimarane diterpene glycosides, apoptosis inducers, obtained from fruiting bodies of the ascomycete Xylaria polymorpha. Phytochemistry (Elsevier) 70, 935-939 (2009).
    40 McDonald, L. A., Barbieri, L. R., Bernan, V. S., Janso, J., Lassota, P. & Carter, G. T. 07H239-A, a new cytotoxic eremophilane sesquiterpene from the marine-derived xylariaceous fungus LL-07H239. Journal of Natural Products 67, 1565-1567 (2004).
    41 Lee, I. K., Yun, B. S., Kim, Y. H. & Yoo, I. D. Two neuroprotective compounds from mushroom Daldinia concentrica. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 12, 692-694 (2002).
    42 Quang Dang, N., Bach Dang, D., Hashimoto, T. & Asakawa, Y. Chemical constituents of the Vietnamese inedible mushroom Xylaria intracolorata. Natural Product Research 20, 317-321 (2006).
    43 Edwards, R. L., Maitland, D. J. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 26. Cubensic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetrahydroxy-18-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,6,10,14,16,20-heptamethyldocosa-4E,8E,12E,16E-tetraenoic acid, a novel polysubstituted C22 fatty acid from the fungus Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr. with substituents and substitution pattern similar to the macrolide antibiotics. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 1411-1417 (1991).
    44 Edwards, R. L., Maitland, D. J., Pittayakhajonwut, P. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 33. Grammicin, a novel bicyclic C7H6O4 furanopyranol from the fungus Xylaria grammica (Mont.) Fr. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 1296-1299 (2001).
    45 Bodo, B., Tih, R. G., Davoust, D. & Jacquemin, H. Hypoxylone, a naphthyl-naphthoquinone pigment from the fungus Hypoxylon sclerophaeum. Phytochemistry 22, 2579-2581 (1983).
    46 Edwards, R. L., Fawcett, V., Maitland, D. J., Nettleton, R., Shields, L. & Whalley, A. J. S. Hypoxyxylerone. A novel green pigment from the fungus Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.: Fries) Kickx. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 1009-1010 (1991).
    47 Anderson, J. R., Edwards, R. L. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 21. 3-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins and related compounds from the ascomycete family Xylariaceae. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry, 2185-2192 (1983).
    48 Chen, Y. S. The metabolic products of Rosellinia necatrix. II. The structure of rosellinic acid. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 28, 431-435 (1964).
    49 Edwards, H. G. M., Edwards, R. L., Hartley, M. J. & Quinn, M. Diene conformation in the naturally occurring tricarboxylic acid, telfairic acid, by Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Molecular Structure 789, 24-29 (2006).
    50 Gunawan, S., Steffan, B. & Steglich, W. Xylaral, a hydroxyphthalide derivative from fruiting bodies of Xylaria polymorpha (Ascomycetes). Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 825-827 (1990).
    51 Jang, Y. W., Lee, I. K., Kim, Y. S., Lee, S., Lee, H. J., Yu, S. H. & Yun, B. S. Xylarinic acids A and B, new antifungal polypropionates from the fruiting body of Xylaria polymorpha. Journal of Antibiotics 60, 696-699 (2007).
    52 Lee, I. K., Jang, Y. W., Kim, Y. S., Yu, S. H., Lee, K. J., Park, S. M., Oh, B. T., Chae, J. C. & Yun, B. S. Xylarinols A and B, two new 2-benzoxepin derivatives from the fruiting bodies of Xylaria polymorpha. Journal of Antibiotics 62, 163-165 (2009).
    53 Edwards, R. L., Anderson, J. R. & Whalley, A. J. S. Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 20. Chesterseine, 4-(4-methoxyphenoxy) buta-1,2-diene: an allenic ether from the fungus Hypoxylon chestersii. Phytochemistry 21, 1721-1723 (1982).
    54 Fawcett, A. H., Yau, T. F., Mulemwa, J. N. & Tan, C. E. The free-radically prepared copolymers of acrylonitrile with furfuryl alcohol and similar furan derivatives. British Polymer Journal 19, 211-221 (1987).
    55 Harris, G. H., Hoogsteen, K., Silverman, K. C., Raghoobar, S. L., Bills, G. F., Lingham, R. B., Smith, J. L., Dougherty, H. W., Cascales, C. & Pelaez, F. Isolation and structure determination of pycnidione, a novel bistropolone stromelysin inhibitor from a Phoma sp. Tetrahedron 49, 2139-2144 (1993).
    56 Sun, P., Ye, W., Zhao, J., Pei, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, Y., Ogihara, Y. & Takeda, T. Studies on the constituents of Epimedium koreanum. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 43, 703-704 (1995).
    57 Rasser, F., Anke, T. & Sterner, O. Secondary metabolites from a Gloeophyllum species. Phytochemistry 54, 511-516 (2000).
    58 Lee, C. K., Fang, J. M. & Cheng, Y. S. Norditerpenes from Juniperus chinensis. Phytochemistry 39, 391-394 (1995).
    59 Chen, Y. L., Tan, C. H., Tan, J. J., Zhao, X. M., Jiang, S. H. & Zhu, D. Y. Two new diterpenoid glucosides from Clerodendranthus spicatus. Helvetica Chimica Acta 92, 2802-2807 (2009).
    60 Pittayakhajonwut, P., Theerasilp, M., Kongsaeree, P., Rungrod, A., Tanticharoen, M. & Thebtaranonth, Y. Pughiinin A, a sesquiterpene from the fungus Kionochaeta pughii BCC 3878. Planta Medica 68, 1017-1019 (2002).
    61 Wanner, R. M., Spielmann, P., Stroka, D. M., Camenisch, G., Camenisch, I., Scheid, A., Houck, D. R., Bauer, C., Gassmann, M. & Wenger, R. H. Epolones induce erythropoietin expression via hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha activation. Blood 96, 1558-1565 (2000).
    62 Baldwin, J. E., Mayweg, A. V. W., Neumann, K. & Pritchard, G. J. Studies toward the biomimetic synthesis of tropolone natural products via a hetero Diels-Alder reaction. Organic Letters 1, 1933-1935 (1999).
    63 Ju, Y. M., Hsieh, H. M., Ho, M. C., Szu, D. H. & Fang, M. J. Theissenia rogersii sp. nov. and phylogenetic position of Theissenia. Mycologia 99, 612-621 (2007).
    64 Hsieh, H. M., Lin, C. R., Fang, M. J., Rogers, J. D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Ju, Y. M. Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54, 957-969 (2010).
    65 Cho, S. Y., Park, S. J., Kwon, M. J., Jeong, T. S., Bok, S. H., Choi, W. Y., Jeong, W. I., Ryu, S. Y., Do, S. H., Lee, C. S., Song, J. C. & Jeong, K. S. Quercetin suppresses proinflammatory cytokines production through MAP kinases and NF-kB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 243, 153-160 (2003).
    66 O'Brien, J., Wilson, I., Orton, T. & Pognan, F. Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity. European Journal of Biochemistry 267, 5421-5426 (2000).
    67 Vichai, V. & Kirtikara, K. Sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity screening. Nature Protocols 1, 1112-1116 (2006).
    Appears in Collections:[Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy Science] Dissertation/Thesis

    Files in This Item:

    There are no files associated with this item.



    在TMUIR中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.

    TAIR相关文章

    著作權聲明 Copyright Notice

    • 本平台之數位內容為臺北醫學大學所收錄之機構典藏，包含體系內各式學術著作及學術產出。秉持開放取用的精神，提供使用者進行資料檢索、下載與取用，惟仍請適度、合理地於合法範圍內使用本平台之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，請先取得著作權人之授權。

      The digital content on this platform is part of the Taipei Medical University Institutional Repository, featuring various academic works and outputs from the institution. It offers free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please use the content appropriately and within legal boundaries to respect copyright owners' rights. For commercial use, please obtain prior authorization from the copyright owner.

    • 瀏覽或使用本平台，視同使用者已完全接受並瞭解聲明中所有規範、中華民國相關法規、一切國際網路規定及使用慣例，並不得為任何不法目的使用TMUIR。

      By utilising the platform, users are deemed to have fully accepted and understood all the regulations set out in the statement, relevant laws of the Republic of China, all international internet regulations, and usage conventions. Furthermore, users must not use TMUIR for any illegal purposes.

    • 本平台盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益。若發現本平台之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，煩請權利人通知本平台維護人員([email protected])，將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。

      TMUIR is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff([email protected]). We will remove the work from the repository.

    Back to Top
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈