資料載入中.....
|
請使用永久網址來引用或連結此文件:
http://libir.tmu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/36304
|
| 題名: | 教室空氣品質對學童健康及學習效率之影響
The effect of classroom indoor air quality on students’ health and study efficiency |
| 作者: | 范鳳蓁
Feng-Jhen Fan |
| 貢獻者: | 公共衛生學研究所
趙馨 |
| 關鍵詞: | 室內空氣品質,學校,學習效率,病態大樓症狀
Indoor Air Quality,School,Study efficiency,Sick Building Symptoms |
| 日期: | 2010 |
| 上傳時間: | 2010-10-20 11:39:10 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 除了住家環境外，學校是正值發育時期學童所在時間最長的地點，良好的學校環境品質，可以提供學童健康、有效率的學習和成長環境。為瞭解我國國中、小學教室的環境品質狀況，本研究針對全國北、中、南三區十二所學校進行空氣品質監測調查，評估對學生健康及學習效率的影響。本研究針對參與研究的班級教室，於兩季各進行一天的完整室內空氣品質監測，採測項目包含真菌、細菌、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、總揮發性有機化合物、懸浮微粒等等；學生健康狀況及學習效率則利用問卷調查、學生出席率及考試成績進行評估。根據統計分析結果發現，在控制學童人口學變項、家庭環境狀況及健康史後，教室內Bipolaris、Cladosporium、 Drechslera、細菌濃度與學生個人成績有顯著相關；自評學習效率與Bipolaris、Exserohilum、Fusarium、Verticillium濃度有關；Alternaria、Cladosporium、Fusarium (Fungal Factor3)及CO濃度，與缺席率有顯著正相關；總真菌濃度及多種真菌(Drechslera、Ulocladium、Verticillium、Exserohilum、Neurospora等)，以及PM2.5、CO2
關鍵詞：室內空氣品質、學校、學習效率、病態大樓症狀 ，會顯著影響學童的病態大樓症狀。教室內多種環境因子明顯會影響學童的學習效率及健康狀況，因此校方應致力維持教室良好的空氣品質，以提供學童優良的學習環境。
Young students spend most of their time in school environments, in addition to their residences. Good environmental quality can provide healthy, efficient learning environment at school for growing children. To know the environmental quality conditions of classrooms, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of classroom indoor air quality on students’ health and study efficiency at 12 elementary and junior high schools in northern, central and southern Taiwan. Comprehensive air samplings were conducted at the study classrooms one day each for two different seasons, including culturable fungi and bacteria, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), particulates, and etc. Students’ health and study efficiency were evaluated using structured questionnaires, class absent rate, and academic grade. According to statistical analyses, after adjusting for students’ demographic factors, residential environment and history of health, indoor Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Drechslera and total bacterial levels were significantly associated with students’ grade. Self-evaluated study efficiency was related to the concentrations of Bipolaris, Exserohilum, Fusarium and Verticillium. The levels of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium (Fungal Factor3) and CO were positively correlated with class absent rate. Total fungal level, various fungi (Drechslera,Ulocladium, Verticillium, Exserohilum, Neurospora and etc), PM2.5 and CO had significant impacts on students’ self-perceived sick building
iv
symptoms. Our study demonstrates that many environmental factors in classroom significantly affect students’study efficiency and health. Therefore, school should keep good indoor air quality in classrooms to provide high quality learning environments for students. |
| 關聯: | 140頁 |
| 描述: | 目錄
第一章 前言 ......................................................... 1
第一節 研究背景 .............................................. 1
第二節 研究目的 .............................................. 2
第二章 文獻探討 ..................................................... 3
第一節 生物氣膠 .............................................. 3
壹. 過敏原 ................................................ 3
貳. 真菌 .................................................. 4
參. 細菌 .................................................. 8
第二節 其他室內空氣汙染物 .................................... 9
壹. 二氧化碳 .............................................. 9
貳. 一氧化碳 ............................................. 10
參. 懸浮微粒 ............................................. 10
肆. 揮發性有機化合物 ..................................... 11
伍. 其他污染物 ........................................... 12
第三節 病態大樓症狀 ......................................... 21
第四節 各國室內空氣品質指標 ................................. 22
第三章 材料與方法 .................................................. 26
第一節 研究設計概論 ......................................... 26
第二節 採樣點選取 ........................................... 26
第三節 環境採樣 ............................................. 26
第四節 樣本分析 ............................................. 31
壹. 可培養性真菌 ......................................... 31
貳. 可培養性細菌 ......................................... 31
第五節 問卷設計 ............................................. 31
第六節 統計分析 ............................................. 32
第四章 結果 ........................................................ 34
第一節 環境因子分布 ......................................... 34
壹. 細菌分布 ............................................. 34
貳. 真菌分布 ............................................. 35
參. 室內外比 ............................................. 36
肆. 其他環境因子分布 ..................................... 37
伍. 生物性因子之迴歸模式 ................................. 37
第二節 學童人口學及健康相關資料分布 ......................... 69
第三節 學童學習效率及健康與環境因子之相關性 ................. 77
壹. 學童學習效率與環境因子之迴歸模式 ..................... 77
貳. 學童健康與環境因子之迴歸模式 ......................... 78
vi
第五章 討論 ....................................................... 113
第一節 真、細菌特性及濃度分布 .............................. 113
第二節 學童學習效率及健康與環境因子之相關性 ................ 116
第三節 研究限制 ............................................ 118
第六章 結論 ....................................................... 120
參考文獻 .......................................................... 122
附錄 .............................................................. 132
ACGIH 1999. Sample Analysis. In: Macher, J. (Ed.), Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, pp. 6:1-12.
Anderson ME, Bogdan GM. 2007. Environments, Indoor Air Quality,and Children. Pediatr Clin N Am 54:295–307.
Annesi-Maesano I, Moreau D, Caillaud D, Lavaud F, Le Moullec Y, Taytard A, Pauli G, Charpin D. 2007. Residential proximity fine particles related to allergic sensitisation and asthma in primary school children. Respir Med 101(8):1721-9.
Bako-Biro Z, Wargocki P, Weschler CJ, Fanger PO. 2004. Effects of pollution from personal computers on perceived air quality,SBS symptoms and productivity in offices. Indoor Air 14:178-187.
Bartlett KH, Kennedy SM, Brauer M, Van Netten C, Dill B. 2004. Evaluation and a predictive model of airborne fungal concentrations in school classrooms. Ann Occup Hyg 48(6):547-54.
Belanger K, Beckett W, Triche E, Bracken MB, Holford T, Ren P, McSharry JE, Gold DR, Platts-Mills TA, Leaderer BP. 2003. Symptoms of wheeze and persistent cough in the first year of life: associations with indoor allergens, air contaminants, and maternal history of asthma. Am J Epidemiol 158(3):195-202.
Brandl H, Daniken A, Hitz C, Krebs W. 2008. Short-term dynamic patterns of bioaerosol generation and displacement in an indoor environment. Aerobiologia 24:203-209.
Bush RK, Portnoy JM, Saxon A, Terr AI, Wood RA. 2006. The medical effects of mold exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117(2):326-33.
Buttner MP, Stetzenbach LD. 1993. Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(1):219-26.
Chao HJ. 2000. Longitudinal Variations in Office Building fungi and their associations with work-related symptoms. . PhD Thesis. Boston, MA:Harvard School of
123
Public Health.
Chao HJ, Schwartz J, Milton DK, Burge HA. 2003. The work environment and workers' health in four large office buildings. Environ Health Perspect 111(9):1242-8.
Chen L, Jennison BL, Yang W, Omaye ST. 2000. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ABSENTEEISM AND AIR POLLUTION. Inhalation Toxicology 12:997-1016.
Chew GL, Rogers C, Burge HA, Muilenberg ML, Gold DR. 2003. Dustborne and airborne fungal propagules represent a different spectrum of fungi with differing relations to home characteristics. Allergy 58(1):13-20.
Daisey JM, Angell WJ, Apte MG. 2003. Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools: an analysis of existing information. Indoor Air 13(1):53-64.
Dales R, Liu L, Wheeler AJ, Gilbert NL. 2008. Quality of indoor residential air and health. CMAJ 179(2):147-52.
Dassonville C, Demattei C, Detaint B, Barral S, Bex-Capelle V, Momas I. 2008. Assessment and predictors determination of indoor airborne fungal concentrations in Paris newborn babies' homes. Environ Res 108(1):80-5.
Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Tjoa T, Gillen D, Kleinman MT, Sioutas C, Cooper D. 2008. Personal and ambient air pollution exposures and lung function decrements in children with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 116(4):550-8.
Dillon HK, Miller JD, Sorenson WG, Douwes J, Jacobs RR. 1999. Review of methods applicable to the assessment of mold exposure to children. Environ Health Perspect 107 Suppl 3:473-80.
Engvall K, Wickman P, Norback D. 2005. Sick building syndrome and perceived indoor environment in relation to energy saving by reduced ventilation flow during heating season: a 1 year intervention study in dwellings. Indoor Air 15(2):120-6.
Faustman EM, Silbernagel SM, Fenske RA, Burbacher TM, Ponce RA. 2000. Mechanisms underlying Children's susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 1:13-21.
Garrett MH, Rayment PR, Hooper MA, Abramson MJ, Hooper BM. 1998. Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children. Clin Exp Allergy 28(4):459-67.
124
Gilliland FD, Berhane K, E.B. R, Thomas DC, Avol E, Gauderman WJ, London SJ, Margolis HG, McConnell R, Islam KT and others. 2001. The Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on School Absenteeism Due to Respiratory Illnesses. Epidemiology 12:43-54.
Godwin C, Batterman S. 2007. Indoor air quality in Michigan schools. Indoor Air 17(2):109-21.
Goyal R, Khare M. 2009. Indoor–outdoor concentrations of RSPM in classroom of a naturally ventilated school building near an urban traffic roadway. Atmospheric Environment 6026–6038 43:6026–6038
Han Y-Y, Lee Y-L, Guo YL. 2009. Indoor environmental risk factors and seasonal variation of childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.
Hansen A, Meyer H, Gyntelberg F. 2008. Building-related symptoms and stress indicators. Indoor Air(18):440–446.
Ho WC, Hartley WR, Myers L, Lin MH, Lin YS, Lien CH, Lin RS. 2007. Air pollution, weather, and associated risk factors related to asthma prevalence and attack rate. Environ Res 104(3):402-9.
Howden-Chapman P, Pierse N, Nicholls S, Gillespie-Bennett J, Viggers H, Cunningham M, Phipps R, Boulic M, Fjällström P, Free S and others. 2008. Effects of improved home heating on asthma in community dwelling children: randomised controlled trial. BMJ.
Hummelgaard J, Juhl P, Sæbjornsson K, Clausen G, Toftum J, Langkilde G. 2007 Indoor air quality and occupant satisfaction in five mechanically and four naturally ventilated open-plan office buildings. Building and Environment 42:4051–4058
Hwang JS, Chen YJ, Wang JD, Lai YM, Yang CY, Chan CC. 2000. Subject-domain approach to the study of air pollution effects on schoolchildren's illness absence. Am J Epidemiol 152(1):67-74.
Jo WK, Seo YJ. 2005. Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels at recreation facilities, elementary schools, and homes. Chemosphere 61(11):1570-9.
Kaarakainen P, Meklin T, Rintala H, Hyvrinen A, Krkkinen P, Vepslinen A, Hirvonen MR, Nevalainen A. 2008. Seasonal Variation in Airborne Microbial Concentrations and Diversity at Landfill, Urban and Rural Sites. Clean 36(7):556 – 563.
125
Khan AAH, Mohan Karuppayil S, Manoharachary C, Kunwar IK, Waghray S. 2009 Isolation, identification and testing for allergenicity of fungi from air-conditioned indoor environments. Aerobiologia 25:119–123.
Kim JL, Elfman L, Mi Y, Wieslander G, Smedje G, Norback D. 2007a. Indoor molds, bacteria, microbial volatile organic compounds and plasticizers in schools--associations with asthma and respiratory symptoms in pupils. Indoor Air 17(2):153-63.
Kim JL, Elfman L, Norback D. 2007b. Respiratory symptoms, asthma and allergen levels in schools--comparison between Korea and Sweden. Indoor Air 17(2):122-9.
Kishi R, Saijo Y, Kanazawa A, Tanaka M, Yoshimura T, Chikara H, Takigawa T, Morimoto K, Nakayama K, Shibata E. 2009. Regional differences in residential environments and the association of dwellings and residential factors with the sick house syndrome: a nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire study in Japan. Indoor Air 19(3):243-54.
Kuo NW, Chiang HC, Chiang CM. 2008. Development and application of an integrated indoor air quality audit to an international hotel building in Taiwan. Environ Monit Assess 147(1-3):139-47.
Laakkonen A, Verkasalo P, Nevalainen A, Kauppinen T, Kyyro¨nen P, Pukkala E. 2008. Moulds, bacteria and cancer among Finns: an occupational cohort study. Occup Environ Med 65:489–493.
Lee SC, Guo H, Li WM, Chan LY. 2002. Inter-comparison of air pollutant concentrations in different indoor environments in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment 36:1929–1940.
Lee YL, Li CW, Sung FC, Yu HS, Sheu HM, Guo YL. 2007. Environmental factors, parental atopy and atopic eczema in primary-school children: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan. Br J Dermatol 157(6):1217-24.
Lignell U, Meklin T, Putus T, Rintala H, Vepsalainen A, Kalliokoski P, Nevalainen A. 2007. Effects of moisture damage and renovation on microbial conditions and pupils' health in two schools--a longitudinal analysis of five years. J Environ Monit 9(3):225-33.
McConnell R, Islam T, Shankardass K, Jerrett M, Lurmann F, Gilliland F, Gauderman J,
126
Avol E, Kuenzli N, Yao L and others. Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School. Environ Health Perspect.
Meklin T, Potus T, Pekkanen J, Hyvarinen A, Hirvonen MR, Nevalainen A. 2005a. Effects of moisture-damage repairs on microbial exposure and symptoms in schoolchildren. Indoor Air 15 Suppl 10:40-7.
Meklin T, Potus T, Pekkanen J, Hyvarinen A, Hirvonen MR, Nevalainen A. 2005b. Effects of moisture-damage repairs on microbial exposure and
symptoms in schoolchildren. Indoor Air 15:40-47.
Meklin T, Reponen T, Toivola M, Koponen V, Husmana T, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A. 2002a. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types. Atmospheric Environment 36 6031–6039.
Meklin T, Reponenc T, Toivolaa M, Koponena V, Husmana T, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A. 2002b. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types. Atmospheric Environment 36:6031–6039.
Mendell MJ, Fisk WJ, Kreiss K, Levin H, Alexander D, Cain WS, Girman JR, Hines CJ, Jensen PA, Milton DK and others. 2002a. Improving the health of workers in indoor environments: priority research needs for a national occupational research agenda. Am.J.Public Health 92:1430-1440.
Mendell MJ, Fisk WJ, Petersen MR, Hines CJ, Dong M, Faulkner D, Deddens JA, Ruder AM, Sullivan D, Boeniger MF. 2002b. Indoor particles and symptoms among office workers:results from a double-blined cross-over study. Epidemiology 13:296-304.
Mendell MJ, Heath GA. 2005. Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air 15(1):27-52.
Mentese S, Arisoy M, Rad AY, Gullu G. 2009. Bacteria and Fungi Levels in Various Indoor and Outdoor Environments in Ankara, Turkey. Clean 37(6): 487 – 493.
Mi Y-H, Norback D, Tao J, Mi Y-L, Ferm M. 2006a. Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in Shanghai, China: influence of building ventilation, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde in classrooms. Indoor Air
127
16(6):454-464.
Mi YH, Norback D, Tao J, Mi YL, Ferm M. 2006b. Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in Shanghai, China: influence of building ventilation, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde in classrooms. Indoor Air 16(6):454-64.
Mui KW, Chan WY, Wong LT, Hui PS. 2010. Scoping indoor airborne fungi in an excellent indoor air quality office building in Hong Kong. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers 31(2):191-199.
Niemela R, Seppa¨nen O, Korhonen P, Reijula K. 2006. Prevalence of Building-Related Symptoms as an Indicator of Health and Productivity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 49:819–825.
Norback D, Nordstrom K. 2008. Sick building syndrome in relation to air exchange rate, CO(2), room temperature and relative air humidity in university computer classrooms: an experimental study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82(1):21-30.
O'Connor G T, Walter M, Mitchell H, Kattan M, Morgan WJ, Gruchalla RS, Pongracic JA, Smartt E, Stout JW, Evans R and others. 2004. Airborne fungi in the homes of children with asthma in low-income urban communities: The Inner-City Asthma Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114(3):599-606.
Park H, Lee B, Ha EH, Lee JT, Kim H, Hong YC. 2002. Association of air pollution with school absenteeism due to illness. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156(12):1235-9.
Patovirta RL, Husman T, Haverinen U, Vahteristo M, Uitti JA, Tukiainen H, Nevalainen A. 2004. The remediation of mold damaged school--a three-year follow-up study on teachers' health. Cent Eur J Public Health 12(1):36-42.
Reboux G, Bellanger AP, Roussel S, Grenouillet F, Sornin S, Piarroux R, Dalphin JC, Millon L. 2009. Indoor mold concentration in Eastern France. Indoor Air 19(6):446-53.
Richards W. 1986. Allergy, asthma, and school problems. J Sch Health 56(4):151-2.
Rumchev K, Spickett JT, Brown HL, Mkhweli B. 2007. Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and respiratory symptoms of women and children in a Zimbabwean village. Indoor Air 17(6):468-74.
Sahakian NM, White SK, Park JH, Cox-Ganser JM, Kreiss K. 2008. Identification of
128
mold and dampness-associated respiratory morbidity in 2 schools: comparison of questionnaire survey responses to national data. J Sch Health 78(1):32-7.
Sautour M, Sixt N, Dalle F, L'Ollivier C, Fourquenet V, Calinon C, Paul K, Valvin S, Maurel A, Aho S and others. 2009. Profiles and seasonal distribution of airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor environments at a French hospital. Sci Total Environ 407(12):3766-71.
Scheff PA, Paulius VK, Curtis L, Conroy LM. 2000. Indoor air quality in a middle school, Part II: Development of emission factors for particulate matter and bioaerosols. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 15(11):835-42.
Seppanen O, Fisk WJ, Lei QH. 2006. Ventilation and performance in office work. Indoor Air 16(1):28-36.
Shaughnessy RJ, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Nevalainen A, Moschandreas D. 2006. A preliminary study on the association between ventilation rates in classrooms and student performance. Indoor Air 16(6):465-8.
Shendell DG, R. P, W.J. F, M.G. A, Blake D, Faulkner D. 2004. Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance in Washington and Idaho. Indoor Air 14:333-341.
Stranger M, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R. 2007. Comparative overview of indoor air quality in Antwerp, Belgium. Environ Int 33(6):789-97.
Stranger M, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R. 2008. Characterization of indoor air quality in primary schools in Antwerp, Belgium. Indoor Air 18(6):454-63.
Su HJ, Wu PC, Chen HL, Lee FC, Lin LL. 2001a. Exposure assessment of indoor allergens, endotoxin, and airborne fungi for homes in southern Taiwan. Environ Res 85(2):135-44.
Su HJ, Wu PC, Lin CY. 2001b. Fungal Exposure of Children at Homes and schools: A Health Perspective. Archives of Environmental Health 56:144-149.
Takeda M, Saijo Y, Yuasa M, Kanazawa A, Araki A, Kishi R. 2009. Relationship between sick building syndrome and indoor environmental factors in newly built Japanese dwellings. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82:583–593
Takigawa T, Wang BL, Saijo Y, Morimoto K, Nakayama K, Tanaka M, Shibata E, Yoshimura T, Chikara H, Ogino K and others. 2010. Relationship between
129
indoor chemical concentrations and subjective symptoms associated with sick building syndrome in newly built houses in Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 83(2):225-35.
Takigawa T, Wang BL, Sakano N, Wang DH, Ogino K, Kishi R. 2009. A longitudinal study of environmental risk factors for subjective symptoms associated with sick building syndrome in new dwellings. Sci Total Environ 407(19):5223-8.
Tippayawong N, Khuntong P, Nitatwichit C, Khunatorn Y, Tantakitti C. 2009 Indoor/outdoor relationships of size-resolved particle concentrations in naturally ventilated school environments. Aerobiologia 44:188–197.
Toivola M, Alm S, Nevalainen A. 2004. Viable fungi and bacteria in personal exposure samples in relation to microenvironments. J Environ Monit 6(2):113-20.
Torvinen E, Meklin T, Torkko P, Suomalainen S, Reiman M, Katila ML, Paulin L, Nevalainen A. 2006. Mycobacteria and fungi in moisture-damaged building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(10):6822-4.
Tsaia FC, Macherb JM, Hungb Y-Y. 2007. Biodiversity and concentrations of airborne fungi in large US office buildings from the BASE study. Atmospheric Environment 41:5181–5191.
Wang BL, Takigawa T, Yamasaki Y, Sakano N, Wang DH, Ogino K. 2008. Symptom definitions for SBS (sick building syndrome) in residential dwellings. Int J Hyg Environ Health 211(1-2):114-20.
Wilson D, Takahashi K, Pan G, Chan C-C, Zhang S, Feng Y, Hoshuyama T, Chuang K-J, Lin P-T, Hwang JS. 2008. Respiratory symptoms among residents of a heavy-industry province in China: Prevalence and risk factors. Respiratory Medicine 102:1536-1544.
Wong S, Lai W, Ho C, Chau K, Lam L, Ng H. 2009. Sick building syndrome and perceived indoor environmental quality: A survey of apartment buildings in Hong Kong. Habitat International 33 463–471.
Wu FS, Chang CF, Hsieh SW, Wu MW, Chen CY, Pierse N. 2009. Indoor Allergens and Microbial Bio-Contaminants in Homes of Asthmatic Children in Central Taiwan. Journal of Asthma 46:745–749.
Wu PC, Li YY, Chiang CM, Huang CY, Lee CC, Li FC, Su HJ. 2005. Changing microbial concentrations are associated with ventilation performance in Taiwan's
130
air-conditioned office buildings. Indoor Air 15(1):19-26.
Wyon DP. 1974. The effects of moderate heat stress on typewriting performance. Ergonomics 17:309-318.
Wyon DP. 2004. The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity. Indoor Air 14:92–101.
Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Ferm M, Liang Y, Narback D. 2008. Asthmatic Symptoms among Pupils in Relation to Winter Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution in Schools in Taiyuan, China. Environmental Health Perspectives 116:90-97.
Zhao ZH, Elfman L, Wang ZH, Zhang Z, Norback D. 2006. A comparative study of asthma, pollen, cat and dog allergy among pupils and allergen levels in schools in Taiyuan city, China, and Uppsala, Sweden. Indoor Air 16(6):404-13.
Zuraimi MS, Ong TC, Tham KW, Chew FT. 2008. Determinants of indoor allergens in tropical child care centers. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 19(8):746-55.
張隆盛(2002)，“我國永續發展的問題與挑戰”，國政研究報告。
鍾弘(1995)，“室內空氣中微生物的潛在健康危害”，勞工安全衛生簡訊 第十四期 。
ISAAC （The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood）：http://isaac.auckland.ac.nz/
國立自然科學博物館，“國立自然科學博物館終身學習網路教材-真菌一族主題版”。網址:http://web2.nmns.edu.tw/fungi(2010/01/10)
Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control - Chapter 19 Fungi (1999); Macher J, ed; Cincinnati, OH; ACGIH
Corzine JS, 2003. “Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health
Program.”, State of New Jerset Department of Health and Senior
Services：http://www.state.nj.us/health/peosh/index.shtml
Doctorfungus: http://www.doctorfungus.org/index.htm
McNeel, S.V. Kreutzer, R.A.2003. Mold & Indoor Air Quality“http://healthandenergy.com/mold_and_indoor_air_quality.htm”
馬慧如(2009)，“常見兒童呼吸道疾病”，一般醫學訓練手冊。
丁修文(2004)，“ 急診醫療結果面品質影響因素之探討-以某區域教學醫院兒科
131
氣喘急診病患為例“，國立中山大學 醫務管理研究所。
林惠民(2007)，“你家也可以是健康養生住宅-室內環境指標”，荒野快報154。
林婉婷(2008)，“通風換氣率及室內空氣品質與兒童呼吸道疾病之相關性探討”，國立成功大學 環境醫學研究所。
邱玉蟬(1999)，“你可以完全克服氣喘”，康健雜誌 15期。
張靜文(1998)，“空氣中生物性危害與呼吸防護(上)”，勞工安全衛生研究所勞
工安全衛生簡訊 第十二期。
鄭筱蓉(2002)，“交通污染與學童呼吸道健康相關性之探討“，國立台灣大學 環境衛生研究所。
莊雪芳、鄭湧涇(2003)，“國中學生對生物學的態度與學習環境之研究”，科學
教育學刊 11(2)171-194。
張馨方(2006)，“美髮業肌肉骨骼疾患與呼吸道疾病之調查”，國立成功大學 環境醫學研究所。
阮國棟、吳婉怡、黃冠穎(2008)，“代解謎團-環境中奈米微粒”，科學發展421：26-31。
于勝宗(2000)，
吳欣橋(2006)，“台北市長期照護機構員工生物性暴露評估”，台北醫學大學 公共衛生學系碩士班。 “高速公路交通污染對學童呼吸道健康影響之研究”，高雄醫學大學 公共衛生學研究所。
碩士論文
指導教授-趙馨
委員-李彥頤
委員-莊媖智 |
| 資料類型: | thesis |
| 顯示於類別: | [公共衛生學系暨研究所] 碩博論文
|
文件中的檔案:
| 檔案 |
大小 | 格式 | 瀏覽次數 |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML | 70 | 檢視/開啟 |
|
在TMUIR中所有的資料項目都受到原著作權保護.
|
